脑小血管疾病的成像标记提供了有关脑部健康的宝贵信息，但是它们的手动评估既耗时又受到实质性内部和间际变异性的阻碍。自动化评级可能受益于生物医学研究以及临床评估，但是现有算法的诊断可靠性尚不清楚。在这里，我们介绍了\ textIt {血管病变检测和分割}（\ textit {v textit {where valdo？}）挑战，该挑战是在国际医学图像计算和计算机辅助干预措施（MICCAI）的卫星事件中运行的挑战（MICCAI） 2021.这一挑战旨在促进大脑小血管疾病的小而稀疏成像标记的自动检测和分割方法的开发，即周围空间扩大（EPVS）（任务1），脑微粒（任务2）和预先塑造的鞋类血管起源（任务3），同时利用弱和嘈杂的标签。总体而言，有12个团队参与了针对一个或多个任务的解决方案的挑战（任务1 -EPVS 4，任务2 -Microbleeds的9个，任务3 -lacunes的6个）。多方数据都用于培训和评估。结果表明，整个团队和跨任务的性能都有很大的差异，对于任务1- EPV和任务2-微型微型且对任务3 -lacunes尚无实际的结果，其结果尤其有望。它还强调了可能阻止个人级别使用的情况的性能不一致，同时仍证明在人群层面上有用。

计算机辅助方法为诊断和预测脑疾病显示了附加的价值，因此可以支持临床护理和治疗计划中的决策。本章将洞悉方法的类型，其工作，输入数据（例如认知测试，成像和遗传数据）及其提供的输出类型。我们将专注于诊断的特定用例，即估计患者的当前“状况”，例如痴呆症的早期检测和诊断，对脑肿瘤的鉴别诊断以及中风的决策。关于预测，即对患者的未来“状况”的估计，我们将缩小用例，例如预测多发性硬化症中的疾病病程，并预测脑癌治疗后患者的结局。此外，根据这些用例，我们将评估当前的最新方法，并强调当前对这些方法进行基准测试的努力以及其中的开放科学的重要性。最后，我们评估了计算机辅助方法的当前临床影响，并讨论了增加临床影响所需的下一步。

机器学习方法利用多参数生物标志物，特别是基于神经影像动物，具有改善痴呆早期诊断的巨大潜力，并预测哪些个体存在发展痴呆的风险。对于机器学习领域的基准算法和痴呆症中的神经影像症，并评估他们在临床实践中使用的潜力和临床试验，七年的大挑战已经在过去十年中组织：Miriad，Alzheimer的疾病大数据梦，Caddementia，机器学习挑战，MCI神经影像动物，蝌蚪和预测分析竞争。基于两个挑战评估框架，我们分析了这些大挑战如何互相补充研究问题，数据集，验证方法，结果和影响。七个大挑战解决了与（临床前）痴呆症（临床）痴呆症的筛查，诊断，预测和监测有关的问题。临床问题，任务和性能指标几乎没有重叠。然而，这具有提供对广泛问题的洞察力的优势，它也会限制对挑战的结果的验证。通常，获胜算法执行严格的数据预处理并组合了广泛的输入特征。尽管最先进的表演，但临床上没有挑战评估的大部分方法。为了增加影响，未来的挑战可以更加关注统计分析，对其与高于阿尔茨海默病的临床问题，以及使用超越阿尔茨海默病神经影像疾病的临床问题，以及超越阿尔茨海默病的临床问题。鉴于过去十年中汲取的潜力和经验教训，我们在未来十年及其超越的机器学习和神经影像中的大挑战前景兴奋。

放射线学使用定量医学成像特征来预测临床结果。目前，在新的临床应用中，必须通过启发式试验和纠正过程手动完成各种可用选项的最佳放射组方法。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个框架，以自动优化每个应用程序的放射线工作流程的构建。为此，我们将放射线学作为模块化工作流程，并为每个组件包含大量的常见算法。为了优化每个应用程序的工作流程，我们使用随机搜索和结合使用自动化机器学习。我们在十二个不同的临床应用中评估我们的方法，从而在曲线下导致以下区域：1）脂肪肉瘤（0.83）； 2）脱粘型纤维瘤病（0.82）; 3）原发性肝肿瘤（0.80）; 4）胃肠道肿瘤（0.77）； 5）结直肠肝转移（0.61）; 6）黑色素瘤转移（0.45）; 7）肝细胞癌（0.75）; 8）肠系膜纤维化（0.80）; 9）前列腺癌（0.72）； 10）神经胶质瘤（0.71）; 11）阿尔茨海默氏病（0.87）;和12）头颈癌（0.84）。我们表明，我们的框架具有比较人类专家的竞争性能，优于放射线基线，并且表现相似或优于贝叶斯优化和更高级的合奏方法。最后，我们的方法完全自动优化了放射线工作流的构建，从而简化了在新应用程序中对放射线生物标志物的搜索。为了促进可重复性和未来的研究，我们公开发布了六个数据集，框架的软件实施以及重现这项研究的代码。

简介：人工智能（AI）有可能促进CMR分析以进行生物标志物提取的自动化。但是，大多数AI算法都经过特定输入域（例如单扫描仪供应商或医院量化成像协议）的培训，并且当从其他输入域中应用于CMR数据时，缺乏最佳性能的鲁棒性。方法：我们提出的框架包括一种基于AI的算法，用于对短轴图像的双脑室分割，然后进行分析后质量控制，以检测错误的结果。分割算法在来自两家NHS医院（n = 2793）的大型临床CMR扫描数据集上进行了培训，并在此数据集（n = 441）和五个外部数据集（n = 6808）上进行了验证。验证数据包括使用所有主要供应商的CMR扫描仪在12个不同中心获得的一系列疾病的患者的CMR扫描。结果：我们的方法产生的中位骰子得分超过87％，转化为观察者间变异范围内心脏生物标志物中的中值绝对错误：<8.4ml（左心室），<9.2ml（右心室），<13.3G（左心室），<13.3G（左心室所有数据集的心室质量），<5.9％（射血分数）。根据心脏疾病和扫描仪供应商的表型的病例分层显示出良好的一致性。结论：我们表明，我们提出的工具结合了在大规模多域CMR数据集中训练的最先进的AI算法和分析后质量控制，使我们能够从多个中心，供应商和心脏病。这是AI算法临床翻译的基本步骤。此外，我们的方法以无需额外的计算成本而产生一系列心脏功能（填充和弹出率，区域壁运动和应变）的附加生物标志物。

Logic Mill is a scalable and openly accessible software system that identifies semantically similar documents within either one domain-specific corpus or multi-domain corpora. It uses advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to generate numerical representations of documents. Currently it leverages a large pre-trained language model to generate these document representations. The system focuses on scientific publications and patent documents and contains more than 200 million documents. It is easily accessible via a simple Application Programming Interface (API) or via a web interface. Moreover, it is continuously being updated and can be extended to text corpora from other domains. We see this system as a general-purpose tool for future research applications in the social sciences and other domains.

This paper proposes a novel observer-based controller for Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) designed to directly receive measurements from a Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation System (VA-INS) and produce the required thrust and rotational torque inputs. The VA-INS is composed of a vision unit (monocular or stereo camera) and a typical low-cost 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) equipped with an accelerometer and a gyroscope. A major benefit of this approach is its applicability for environments where the Global Positioning System (GPS) is inaccessible. The proposed VTOL-UAV observer utilizes IMU and feature measurements to accurately estimate attitude (orientation), gyroscope bias, position, and linear velocity. Ability to use VA-INS measurements directly makes the proposed observer design more computationally efficient as it obviates the need for attitude and position reconstruction. Once the motion components are estimated, the observer-based controller is used to control the VTOL-UAV attitude, angular velocity, position, and linear velocity guiding the vehicle along the desired trajectory in six degrees of freedom (6 DoF). The closed-loop estimation and the control errors of the observer-based controller are proven to be exponentially stable starting from almost any initial condition. To achieve global and unique VTOL-UAV representation in 6 DoF, the proposed approach is posed on the Lie Group and the design in unit-quaternion is presented. Although the proposed approach is described in a continuous form, the discrete version is provided and tested. Keywords: Vision-aided inertial navigation system, unmanned aerial vehicle, vertical take-off and landing, stochastic, noise, Robotics, control systems, air mobility, observer-based controller algorithm, landmark measurement, exponential stability.

Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.

A "heart attack" or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when an artery supplying blood to the heart is abruptly occluded. The "gold standard" method for imaging MI is Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with intravenously administered gadolinium-based contrast (late gadolinium enhancement). However, no "gold standard" fully automated method for the quantification of MI exists. In this work, we propose an end-to-end fully automatic system (MyI-Net) for the detection and quantification of MI in MRI images. This has the potential to reduce the uncertainty due to the technical variability across labs and inherent problems of the data and labels. Our system consists of four processing stages designed to maintain the flow of information across scales. First, features from raw MRI images are generated using feature extractors built on ResNet and MoblieNet architectures. This is followed by the Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to produce spatial information at different scales to preserve more image context. High-level features from ASPP and initial low-level features are concatenated at the third stage and then passed to the fourth stage where spatial information is recovered via up-sampling to produce final image segmentation output into: i) background, ii) heart muscle, iii) blood and iv) scar areas. New models were compared with state-of-art models and manual quantification. Our models showed favorable performance in global segmentation and scar tissue detection relative to state-of-the-art work, including a four-fold better performance in matching scar pixels to contours produced by clinicians.

Increasing popularity of deep-learning-powered applications raises the issue of vulnerability of neural networks to adversarial attacks. In other words, hardly perceptible changes in input data lead to the output error in neural network hindering their utilization in applications that involve decisions with security risks. A number of previous works have already thoroughly evaluated the most commonly used configuration - Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) against different types of adversarial attacks. Moreover, recent works demonstrated transferability of the some adversarial examples across different neural network models. This paper studied robustness of the new emerging models such as SpinalNet-based neural networks and Compact Convolutional Transformers (CCT) on image classification problem of CIFAR-10 dataset. Each architecture was tested against four White-box attacks and three Black-box attacks. Unlike VGG and SpinalNet models, attention-based CCT configuration demonstrated large span between strong robustness and vulnerability to adversarial examples. Eventually, the study of transferability between VGG, VGG-inspired SpinalNet and pretrained CCT 7/3x1 models was conducted. It was shown that despite high effectiveness of the attack on the certain individual model, this does not guarantee the transferability to other models.